In the 13th or 14th century, Rabbi Yaakov ben Asher set out to compose a guide that would organize all of the laws found in the Talmud into one place for ease of access and learning. He wrote Arba’ah Turim, a work that divides Jewish law into four categories: Orach Chayim (laws pertaining to daily life), Yoreh De’ah (miscellaneous laws), Even Ha’Ezer (laws of marriage), and Choshen Mishpat (laws of finance).
Rabbi Yosef Karo wrote a running commentary on Arba’ah Turim called Beit Yosef. It is exhaustive. Rabbi Karo’s Shulchan Aruch is a condensed form of Beit Yosef and Arba’ah Turim.
In the 19th century, Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried wrote Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, which is an heavily abridged form of Shulchan Aruch, for ease of learning and quick reference.
Shulchan Aruch HaRav is an incomplete work by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, the Alter Rebbe of Chabad. The Maggid of Mezritch tasked the Alter Rebbe with “composing a Shulchan Aruch for chasidim”.
Aruch HaShulchan, written by Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein in the 19th century, summarizes the contents of the Shulchan Aruch, while also drawing sources and perspective from both the works of Rambam and the Talmud Yerushalmi.
As for which one a person should follow? They don’t divert much from each other, at least not in significant ways to the average Jew. A person should follow the customs of his community, and the judgments made by the leading rabbis. As a general rule, we always follow the Shulchan Aruch.
Hope this helps.