0

Part of the point of Hashem giving the Earth into our domain is a permission for us to trap, subjugate and kill animals that would harm us or be pests for our crops and homes, e.g. see Sforno 1 & 2 to Bereshit 1:28, as well as Ramban on 29:

"And subdue it:" He gave them the power and rulership over the earth; to do whatever they wanted with the beasts and the swarming animals and all of those that slither on the ground; and to build and to uproot and plant and to quarry copper from its hills and [to do things] similar to this. And this is [all] included in its stating (above, verse 26), "and over all the earth."

Are there limits on this? Should we try to avoid it? Is there a thorough treatment of this inyan anywhere?

Rabbi Kaii
  • 9,499
  • 3
  • 10
  • 50
  • I don't agree with your argument that part of the point of giving dominion over the earth is inherit permission to trap, subjugate, and kill animals that would harm us. If anything, I read that God gave us permission to kill animals that would harm us only after the flood. Do you find other evidence in scripture? – Aaron Jan 19 '23 at 18:37
  • @Aaron yes, see the Ramban I quoted "to do whatever they wanted with the beasts and the swarming animals and all of those that slither on the ground". Can't get more explicit than that. There are other commentaries too but this should suffice – Rabbi Kaii Jan 19 '23 at 18:38
  • Why do you think there might be a limit? – Double AA Jan 19 '23 at 18:41
  • @DoubleAA no hava amina, pure sheila – Rabbi Kaii Jan 19 '23 at 18:42
  • @RabbiKaii I asked you about scripture. Not the Rambam. According to Rambam a bunch of the stories in Tanakh didn't happen and were all dreams. Do you believe that 100% as well? But also, you're making the point of what God intended. The best source for God's intentions is the Bible. Everything else is commentary. I would have begun your question with "According to Rambam, Ramban, Sforno, part of the point of Hashem giving earth..." – Aaron Jan 19 '23 at 19:41
  • @Aaron sorry, I said Ramban, not Rambam. I happen to not hold that parts of Tanach were just dreams/metaphors. I also hold one is not allowed to learn Tanach without commentary, so I don't know how to answer that. In this case, it seems consensus among the perushim. How do you understand ורדו? – Rabbi Kaii Jan 19 '23 at 19:55
  • @RabbiKaii You can hold the custom of not studying Tanakh without commentary, but that is custom. The Zilberman method of Tanakh study is based upon the Mishnah, Gemara, and other sources that describe how should study, and the process is learning scripture first, translating literally, and only later studying commentary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilberman_Method – Aaron Jan 19 '23 at 20:05
  • @Aaron thanks. Suffice it to say I really like that, and I don't think it contradicts what I hold. So long as one gets to the commentaries eventually. The point is don't learn Torah without Oral Tradition, and the commentaries bring that. Anyway - this is off topic so if you wish to discuss further, please start a chat room :) – Rabbi Kaii Jan 19 '23 at 20:08
  • @RabbiKaii Sounds good. Switching to on topic, where do you see that commentary of Seforno on Genesis 1:29? I only see a comment about eating plants/seeds as food for Sforno's comment on Sefaria. – Aaron Jan 19 '23 at 20:15
  • @Aaron thanks for asking, and helping me spot my typo, which I have corrected. See this and the following on 28, https://www.sefaria.org/Sforno_on_Genesis.1.28.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en – Rabbi Kaii Jan 19 '23 at 20:35
  • 2
    There are two limiting factors that come to mind right away: (1) tzaar baalei chaim -- there has to be some human benefit to justify the animal's pain. (2) future people need to have a world to have dominion over too. There are human costs in the medium and long run to making significant ecological changes. – Micha Berger Jan 20 '23 at 15:37
  • @MichaBerger what's the source for the second one? It's commonly stated through hearsay that one needn't worry about that because Hashem wouldn't make a destroyable world. I am uncomfortable with that but if there were some specific source then it would clear things up – Rabbi Kaii Feb 20 '23 at 09:31
  • @RabbiKaii Hashem only promised not to flood the whole world again. An ecological crisis that kills a third of humanity is quite short of what He promised Noach. And yet would still be a tragedy of unimaginable proportions. There is a guarantee the world and humanity will continue. There is no guarantee it won't be terrible along the way. – Micha Berger Feb 21 '23 at 11:34
  • @MichaBerger I wasn't aware that this idea that floats around comes from the promise of the flood, interesting, thank you – Rabbi Kaii Feb 21 '23 at 12:22

1 Answers1

1

My answer is based solely from Tanakh as this question is about the intentions of God, rather than p'sak halakhah. I will also state that I interpret Tanakh using Jewish commentaries with an intention of finding internal consistency with Tanakh. So for example, if Rambam says a lot of stories in Tanakh are dreams, and this commentary requires a lot of reinterpreting of stories, a lot of further commentary on stories, and an explanation as to why the characters in stories don't perceive these events as dreams, then I would not accept Rambam's premise. My focus would be to understand the stories in the way the Tanakh itself, or the characters in Tanakh, relate to the stories.

So God provides dominion over the earth to humans in Genesis 1:28. The best way to understand God's intentions is to look for hints in the story itself and all closest stories to this event to see what we can glean. Here's what I've noticed.

1 - We never hear about Adam and Eve killing animals for any reason, even when they are naked they make clothes out of plants, it's God Himself who provides skin coverings. This makes me think that God did not intend for humans to kill animals for their needs, or at the very least, makes me think that Adam and Eve did not think God intended for them to kill animals for any reason.

2 - God parades animals before Adam for him to name them, and potentially choose a mate. I'm not going to pretend that I understand all of God's intentions here, but I see no evidence of killing animals for mankind's needs.

3 - Adam and Eve don't seem freaked out by the snake talking. Moshav Zekeinim brings the comment that humans and animals all spoke Hebrew until the tower of Babel. I find this commentary to be credible as it allows me to read all stories of animals talking without needing additional commentaries, explanations, interpretations, etc. If this commentary is true, mankind's subjugation could have been devoid of any trapping of animals. Instead, Adam and Eve would be able to talk to animals, and then ask them "to build and to uproot and plant and to quarry copper from its hills and [to do things] similar to this. And this is [all] included in its stating (above, verse 26), "and over all the earth."" It is my opinion that farm animals are definitely what God intended with dominion. I say this because God establishes many laws about taking care of farm animals, on how they should be treated while they're working, etc etc.

4 - Cain and Able are the next animal story as Able sacrifices animals. It's worth mentioning that Rabbi Albo thinks that Cain thought animal sacrifice was a sin, and therefore was appalled that God would accept the sacrifice of Able. This lends further evidence toward the idea that mankind did not see violence or the killing of animals as something God intended for mankind's dominion.

"Why did God not look favorably on Cain’s offering of his field produce? The answer is that Cain had grown up watching his father Adam toil and sweat to farm his land, surviving on vegetables alone as God had forbade him and his family to eat meat. Cain himself became a farmer, because he believed that there could be no distinction between the human and the animal, except in the fact that the human must work for his produce, whereas the animals simply took what was wild. However, because both humans and animals both ate the same foodstuff, Cain reasoned that they where essentially at the same spiritual level. Thus Cain brought an offering from his field, and was appalled at the idea of an animal sacrifice. Cain’s notion of equality between humans and animals eventually led him to murder his brother, for he saw Abel kill an animal for a sacrifice, and reasoned that if a human can kill an animal, than a human can kill another human…Thus God allowed Noah to eat animals to reintroduce the moral distinction between the animal and the human."

Source: https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/115782.1?lang=en&with=all&lang2=en

5 - After the flood of Noah, mankind is finally given permission to eat animals, and it's the first time the discussion of killing animals as a concept is detailed in scripture. But despite permission being given, this permission comes with a new instinct for animals. Animals will now, for the first time EVER, be afraid of humans. Before this, trapping an animal would have been simple as walking up to it and tying a rope around it. If you're telling me God's intention was always for us to have to use force to subjugate animals, then this "instinct of fear" should have been given to animals in the beginning, but it wasn't.

Based on all these small details we see in the text regarding humans and animals, I do not see the intentions you outlined at the beginning of your question. I do not claim to speak for God, so I won't say what God truly intended. But I do find a lack of Biblical support for "Part of the point of Hashem giving the Earth into our domain is a permission for us to trap, subjugate and kill animals that would harm us or be pests for our crops and homes"

Based on everything I've outlined in scripture, I would choose to interpret " ורדו/subjugation" as employ. God made animals friendly to us, maybe even made them able to talk with us, and even in later years made rules about how to be good employers to animals (not yoking two different animals, not muzzling an animal who's working so they can eat while they work, etc etc). It seems to me that at the beginning, Adam and Eve interpreted God as wanting us to get along with, and employ animals for our purposes for raising food and resources. This subjugation required no force and no shedding of blood. If I could pick some modern categories, I think seeing eye dogs, rats that find land mines, and any animals that are trained peacefully for the well being of humans, are the closest examples of this subjugation/employment.

But the overall reality is this peaceful subjugation dynamic between humans and animals changes after the flood, and might further change after the tower of Babel. After those events, I do not think humans are capable of subjugating animals in the same way before. And at this point, the only way we can subjugate might be through force, violence, trapping, etc. But I would say this is different than what God intended, because again, it seems like God never even intended for animals to be scared of us for any reason.

Update

The OP asked the following to me in comments: "How do you understand ה֚וּא יְשׁוּפְךָ֣ רֹ֔אשׁ וְאַתָּ֖ה תְּשׁוּפֶ֥נּוּ עָקֵֽב from 3:15"

I understand this literally. God/Scripture punishes the snake for betraying Adam and Eve. One thing to keep in mind about these stories is that they take certain things for granted. So for example, the story takes for granted that animals "know" they are supposed to eat plants and vegetables, just as God commanded them. The story also takes for granted that the animals know that humans are supposed to have dominion over them, which is why they go to Adam to be named. The story also takes for granted that when God commanded Adam not to eat from the tree, this was not private knowledge. Eve who is theoretically created later knows about this rule, and so does the snake. Because the snake knows that humans were given dominion by God, and because the snake was named by Adam and was passed over as a mate, and because the snake knows about the one negative commandment given to Adam, his actions are indeed a true betrayal. And because of this, God forces an unnatural enmity between humans and snakes, that does not exist amongst any other animals with humans. So after the Garden of Eden, humans have been given an instinct to attack snakes, and snakes attack humans, as a sign of this deep betrayal from the garden. If I had to take my guess, the snake wanted God to take away dominion from Adam and Eve and give it to the serpent. Which is why God punishes the snake to become the lowest and most cursed of beasts, as a consequence of him wanting to raise himself to the highest of beasts, befitting of his great cunningness (Genesis 3:1)

One last comment I'll mention is that because animals are expected to know we have dominion, God makes it legal for us to kill animals that kill humans as stated in Genesis 6:

"וְאַ֨ךְ אֶת־דִּמְכֶ֤ם לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶם֙ אֶדְרֹ֔שׁ מִיַּ֥ד כׇּל־חַיָּ֖ה אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑נּוּ וּמִיַּ֣ד הָֽאָדָ֗ם מִיַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ אָחִ֔יו אֶדְרֹ֖שׁ אֶת־נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽאָדָֽם׃ But for your own life-blood I will require a reckoning: I will require it of every beast; of humankind, too, will I require a reckoning for human life, of everyone for each other! שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם הָֽאָדָ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ כִּ֚י בְּצֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת־הָאָדָֽם׃ Whoever sheds human blood, By human [hands] shall that one’s blood be shed; For in the image of God Was humankind made. "

This text reads as if the animals are supposed to intrinsically understand that humans were made in the image of God and therefore they should have a tendency to avoid killing us. I imagine this viewpoint would be like great white sharks. We all know they can eat people, but the reality is sharks would prefer to eat anything other than humans first. We see that scripture views animals as having an understanding of the wrongness of killing humans because of the law of the goring ox.

Exodus 21:28-29

וְכִֽי־יִגַּ֨ח שׁ֥וֹר אֶת־אִ֛ישׁ א֥וֹ אֶת־אִשָּׁ֖ה וָמֵ֑ת סָק֨וֹל יִסָּקֵ֜ל הַשּׁ֗וֹר וְלֹ֤א יֵאָכֵל֙ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֔וֹ וּבַ֥עַל הַשּׁ֖וֹר נָקִֽי׃ When an ox gores a man or a woman to death, the ox shall be stoned and its flesh shall not be eaten, but the owner of the ox is not to be punished. וְאִ֡ם שׁוֹר֩ נַגָּ֨ח ה֜וּא מִתְּמֹ֣ל שִׁלְשֹׁ֗ם וְהוּעַ֤ד בִּבְעָלָיו֙ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔נּוּ וְהֵמִ֥ית אִ֖ישׁ א֣וֹ אִשָּׁ֑ה הַשּׁוֹר֙ יִסָּקֵ֔ל וְגַם־בְּעָלָ֖יו יוּמָֽת׃ If, however, that ox has been in the habit of goring, and its owner, though warned, has failed to guard it, and it kills a man or a woman—the ox shall be stoned and its owner, too, shall be put to death.

How do we know the animal is supposed to know better? One piece of evidence is that this similar law exists in other near eastern law codes, but the animal is not put to death, it is seemingly free of culpability.

Two differences that stand out are that in the Torah, the offending animal is killed and if the animal is a habitual gorer, the owner is killed as well. The Babylonian codes never kill the ox or the owner. The difference is grounded in the gravity with which the Torah views homicide: according to Numbers 35:33, killing a person pollutes the land with bloodshed and so endangers those who reside there unless the murderer is executed. This holds true even when the culpable party is not human (Genesis 9:5).

Source: https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-law-of-the-goring-ox-is-it-neutered

The other piece of evidence is that the very next pasuk discusses the human owner with two situations: The first situation is that the human owner doesn't know the animal will gore other humans, and therefore is free from punishment. The second situation is that the human owner knows better, and if they know better, they receive the same punishment as the bull.

Aaron
  • 10,861
  • 1
  • 25
  • 62
  • Amazing mindblowing answer! Thank you! A big part of me hopes it is true. A sheila and a kasha. Sheila: assuming I accept your premise, can you then answer the last paragraph of my question? Kasha: How do you understand ה֚וּא יְשׁוּפְךָ֣ רֹ֔אשׁ וְאַתָּ֖ה תְּשׁוּפֶ֥נּוּ עָקֵֽב from 3:15? – Rabbi Kaii Jan 19 '23 at 21:34
  • I thought the main thing about naming animals is that a person is doing it. Meaning, a dog is a "kelev" because that it's role, and that role is defined from the human perspective. More about dominion than moral responsibility to them. – Micha Berger Jan 20 '23 at 15:40
  • Curious about the words "this peaceful subjugation dynamic between humans and animals ... might further change after the tower of Babel." – Micha Berger Jan 20 '23 at 15:41
  • @MichaBerger If one follows the opinion of Moshav Zekeinim (quoted in my answer), animals and humans stopped being able to understand each other after the tower of babel. So after the flood animals were scared of us, but it was possible we could still communicate. But after the tower of Babel, that possibility is over – Aaron Jan 20 '23 at 17:23
  • @RabbiKaii I've added more information that I hope addresses your questions – Aaron Jan 20 '23 at 18:07
  • @MichaBerger Anytime I've named anything it has only deepend my bond with what I've named. I've been blessed to name two children, dogs, ducks, rodents, pigeons, etc. This may be only my experience, but I felt no act of dominion at any of these moments. But everything I have named has been under my dominion, and it seems to me that everything I named recognized my dominion innately. My daughter is starting to reject my dominion, but that's a story for another time 😅 – Aaron Jan 21 '23 at 01:09
  • @Aaron, we are talking about naming the species "kelev", not naming the grey guy on my feet "Chandler". So, not quite parallel to your case. In the Torah, a proper naming relates to the thing's essence or function. Leaving that job to Adam meant that a parah is a parah because it's function is defined by where it fits in the human world. – Micha Berger Jan 21 '23 at 23:48
  • @MichaBerger But you are assuming God left that job to Adam because it was all about dominion. When the verse itself is clearly talking about this process being for a potential mate. 18 And the LORD God said: 'It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a help meet for him.' 20 And the man gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found a help meet for him. " If all of this was about dominion, then the verses should have been worded differently – Aaron Jan 23 '23 at 20:15
  • Because the verse very clearly points out that this naming, is tied up with it not being good that Adam is alone. Therefore I'm willing to have the opinion that this naming is partially relational and not strictly dominion related. But you are welcome to disagree – Aaron Jan 23 '23 at 20:16
  • @Aaron, I am not assuming anything. Just saying that naming implies dominance not equality. And it's in the pasuq, the bit about trying out mates is not. So they cannot be all that tied together. The Medrash isn't even on the same pasuq! – Micha Berger Jan 24 '23 at 21:48
  • I am not assuming the pasuq means to imply either, though. Just that of the two... – Micha Berger Jan 24 '23 at 21:52
  • @MichaBerger The bit about trying the mates is in the midrash. The idea of God thinking Adam should have a mate, Adam names all the animals without finding a mate, that's in the pasuk. I don't know about you, but if it's even at all possible according to scripture that Adam could have found a mate leads me to believe this has more to do with relation than dominion. Note that I'm not using the word equality on purpose here because it's clear that scripture does NOT believe that Humans and Animals are equal. – Aaron Jan 25 '23 at 18:17