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In the comics, Thanos is known as "The Mad Titan" due to being from the moon of Saturn, known as Titan. In the MCU, there are many things that are different from the comics, and it was unclear to me while watching the movie whether or not this planet/moon was supposed to be one and the same as the one in our solar system.

Is there any evidence whether or not this was supposed to be the same place?

Nacht
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From all appearances, it seems Titan in the MCU is indeed a planet in it's own right and not the Saturnian moon of the same name.

For one thing, we clearly see humans walking around unprotected on the surface, something that's certainly not possible on the real Titan since 1) There's no oxygen. And 2) it's cold enough for methane to condense into a liquid. And it's not just the atmosphere; the whole environment is wrong. Temperature, gravity, local planetary bodies (Saturn itself is certainly nowhere to be seen!), relative brightness of the sun. None even remotely similar to the "real" Titan.

Finally: if Thanos' homeworld is mere light-minutes away, why did he need Loki to open a portal for his Chitauri? Granted, Sanctuary may or may not have been near Titan, but you'd think it'd be close enough that the extra leg to Earth would hardly be any trouble at all.

As for why there can be two places with the same name; leaving aside the fact this happens all the time in the real world (just look at an atlas!) The moons of Saturn were only discovered and named by astronomers in the last few centuries and they drew the name from Greek mythology. There's a clear precedent in the MCU for at least some human mythological figures and stories to be of extraterrestrial origin, so it's certainly possible that the Titans of Greek myth are based on stories of Thanos's people, perhaps passed down from visiting Asgardians or Kree in pre-history. In which case, Saturnian moon would unknowingly be named after the planet seen in IW.

Kris
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    I'm pretty sure the atmosphere is breathable on the comic book version as well, so I'm not sure that that's conclusive evidence that it's not in our solar system. +1 though, it's something. – Nacht May 08 '18 at 10:09
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    It's not just the atmosphere, it's the whole environment. Temperature, gravity, local planetary bodies, relative brightness of the sun. None even remotely similar to the Saturnian moon's. And that's nothing compared to the basic logic of Thanos' home being mere light-minutes away, and yet he needed Loki to open a portal for his Chitauri? – Kris May 08 '18 at 21:07
  • As far as the comics go: remember that the source material is pulpy sci-fi comic books (which are never scientifically accurate at the best of times) from the 70's when the idea of people living on Titan wasn't so far outside of what was considered possible. We've since actually landed on the thing, so now it would be every bit as anachronistic in a modern, relatively grounded movie as thr Luna environment as depicted in Méliès' 'Le Voyage dans la Lune'. – Kris May 08 '18 at 21:27
  • I think you're overestimating the scientific accuracy of the movies (consider the dwarven forge, which was awesome), however your point about relative brightness of the sun and needing Loki to open a portal are good, so if you add them to your answer I will accept. Even though there's no reason to think that he would be operating from his home planet. Honestly I think the best evidence is the lack of exclamations from the characters as they navigated there. – Nacht May 08 '18 at 22:38
  • @Kris the idea of humans living on Titan was very far outside of what was considered scientifically possible in the 1970s. Though old science fiction stories sometimes had a habitable Titan, that moon was presumed by astronomers to be airless and uninhabitable until atmosphere was discovered in 1948, and the gas discovered was methane, unfortunately for the idea that humans could breathe Titan's atmosphere. There has never been any scientific basis to believe that humans could survive in the conditions on Titan. – M. A. Golding May 09 '18 at 04:33
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    @M. A. Golding Yeah, perhaps I could have been clearer on that point, but what I meant was that the notion of a habitable Titan (or Venus, Mars, etc.) was common enough in pulp sci-fi of that time to be considered a fairly standard trope. Not that actual scientific assessments backed those fanciful notions up, which of course they did not. – Kris May 09 '18 at 09:53
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    @Nacht I didn't say the movies were scientifically accurate, I said that they were relatively grounded. Which to me means the fantastical elements are generally built upon a foundation of reality. Hence a race of super-powered space Vikings being explained in terms of "Clark's Law" technology and sorcery as the manipulation of higher dimensional physics and alternate universes. In this case I'd say the conditions on Titan are known well enough that It'd be incongruous to portray it as an Earth like habitat. And yes, I've edited those other points in too. ;) – Kris May 09 '18 at 10:09
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    In the comics, while Thanos certainly enhanced himself, the inhabitants of Titan seemed to be beyond human norms from the start. Eventually, Marvel decided that the inhabitants of Titan were an off-shoot of the Eternals (a race of long-lived, super-powered humans created by the Celestials), allowing them to survive in an environment that a normal human wouldn't survive in. Plus, in the original stories, I don't necessarily think the Titans lived unsheltered on the surface of the planet. – RDFozz May 09 '18 at 19:42