Yes - particular prayers are believed to be more effective for specific reasons. I don't know if these are just based on tradition or have scriptural basis.
(1) Asmin paratman sloka to Vishnu from the Narayaneeyam of Bhattadri - is widely believed to cure disease even by non-Hindus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MhEwK8EvKY
(2) Aditya Hridayam is said to be effective in giving one courage to face difficulties in life
What is the use of chanting Aditya Hridayam?
O Rama! No individual glorifying this sun-god, in distresses in difficulties; in the woods or in times of peril, comes to grief. Worship this sun-god, the lord of the universe and the god of all gods with undivided attention. Muttering this praise three times, you will come out victorious in battles. You will be able to kill Ravana at this very moment, O mighty armed one!