First, this is highly field-specific. In experimental wet lab life-sciences research, for instance, a one-year postdoc will barely get you any data, let alone a paper.
Second, if you aspire to become a research professor, what will determine your chances is a combination of your output (i.e. papers, presentations at conferences etc.), your funding record, your prior training and expertise/skill set and your future research vision/ideas. All of these will need time to accumulate and mature and the latter two will also determine how attractive you are as a hire depending on departmental needs and/or 'what's hot' in the field (neither of which you will have much control over). How you reach this stage, matters much much less. Some people will be ready to start a group straight out of their PhD (rare I would say), others benefit from more training and time (myself included).
Some unsolicited advice: thinking about your postdoc in terms of "speed" and "quick, get me out of here so I can become a research professor" sounds like the worst motivation to start a postdoc in the first place.