Was the story of adultery of Indra in the story of Ahalya a PRAKSHIPTA?

Question

If Lord Indra is a "womaniser" as described as in the Puranic Literature, can anyone tell as to how many women fall prey to him?

Only Ahalya's story occurs to me. So we have to closely examine the only story available about Lord Indra's adultery.

The story of Ahalya and Indra was mentioned first in Srimad Ramayana. Sage Vishvamitra narrates the legend of Ahalya to Rama and Lakshmana.

Indra is infatuated with Ahalya and desires a union with her, for which she complies. However, Gautama catching them unawares curses both Indra and Ahalya.

With that curse, the testicles of the cursed Thousand-eyed Indra fell down onto ground at that very moment. And, Devatas replaced ram's testes to Indra, and from then onwards Indra has became one with the testes of a goat.

Vishvamitra while continuing the narration of the legend of Ahalya asks Rama to enter her hermitage where Ahalya is living unseen by anybody.

When once Rama steps into that hermitage she manifests herself from her accursed invisible state. She emerges with her divine form and accords guest-ship to Rama and Lakshmana. Sage Gautama also arrives at this juncture to accept his depurated wife Ahalya.

पुष्प वृष्टिः महती आसीत् देव दुंदुभि निस्वनैः |
गन्धर्व अप्सरसाम् च एव महान् आसीत् समुत्सवः || १-४९-१९

"There chanced an abundant floral fall form firmament to the drumbeats of god's drums, and the celestials like gandharva-s, apsara-s revelled in a splendid festivity that is superb. "

We will come across the story of Ahalya in Puranas also, but with some variations.

Now, let us examine the above story.

If the "womaniser" Indra regained his virility after attached with the testes of a goat, why did not he try to woo another woman? Was he really a "womaniser". A Big NO!
It was described in Bala Kanda that after Ahalya manifested herself with the entrance of Sri Rama, abundant flora fall on them and drumbeats of god's drums could be heard. What was achieved by Sri Rama at that juncture? Nothing.
Was similar fall of abundant flora and occurrence of drumbeats of god's drums happened when Sri Rama eliminated Subaahu and threw Maaricha in the Ocean, in Siddhasrama? The description in Bala Kanda at that time was as follows:

स हत्वा राक्षसान् सर्वान् यज्ञ घ्नान् रघुनंदनः |
ऋषिभिः पूजितः तत्र यथा इन्द्रो विजये पुरा || १-३०-२४

When Rama, the delight of Raghu's dynasty, has eliminated all of the demons that are the hinderers of Vedic rituals, the sages available there in that hermitage idealised him as Indra was idealised once, when he became victorious on demons.
This is the style of Sage Valmiki. He described that the ascetics in Siddhasrama appeciated him and regarded him as INDRA.
The description of fall of abundant flora and occurrence of drumbeats of gods' drums, in this type of occasions can be seen in Puranas only.
So the conclusion is that the story of Ahalya and Indra in Bala Kanda is a PRAKSHIPTA, an insertion made at a later date, to degrade the fame and greatness of Lord Indra.

Am I correct?

Can I edit the already posted question now in the manner you indicated? — Srimannarayana K V, Oct 15 '15 at 16:39
Did you know Vayu deva also got a bad name due to one incident described in Ramayana? Read the story of Kushanaabha and his 100 daughters. If you understand Telugu, listen to the story in this YouTube video. — Say No To Censorship, Oct 15 '15 at 21:37
@sv.: I have gone through that story in Bala Kanda of Ramayana. I am trying to see/understand the inner meaning of those stories. There was a long gap between Vedic Literature and our generation. I think, we could not see that literature in proper way. Even Vishnu polluted Tulasi in order to pave way for elimination of Sandhachuuda at the hands of Shiva. Did the Vaishnavas stop worshipping Vishnu? I am in search in Truth. — Srimannarayana K V, Oct 16 '15 at 00:42
@srimannarayana k v - How can you compare the the Vishnu - Tulasi incident to Indra- Ahalya. Even an insane man, will know. Indra always wanted to posses ahalya. In case of Vishnu - Thulasi, there is no such perverse intentions. It was to eliminate Jalandhara/ Shankhachuda, otherwise shiva was losing the battle and also Jalandhara had gone to the extent of parvati out of lust. So, such a demon has to eliminated...You are trying to compare oranges with apples. — , Oct 20 '15 at 15:55
@Srimannarayana K V - i too agree, that Indra is unnecessarily potrayed as an womaniser..If that is the case, most demi gods are womanisers. When Tillatama was created by brahma, most of the gods including Chaturmukha brahma, Lord Siva, Indra etc were so lost in her beauty, that it is mentioned Shiva created a head in what ever direction tilotama was moving, Siva was so lost in the beauty of Tillotama. This incident occurs in mahabharata and even in Skanda purana wherein parvati chides Shiva for following tillotama and so on. — , Oct 20 '15 at 15:59
@Krishna: I am trying to understand the inner meaning of these stories. I am neither for Indra nor for Vishnu. I am in search of TRUTH. A seeker should always be with open mind. — Srimannarayana K V, Oct 20 '15 at 16:04
@srimannarayana k v 1 - Well, seeker has to open mind, but he too should not make some iresponsible statements like mahabharata is only 8800 verses. How do you know? Whete is proof? Yes, mahabharata was interpolated, but that doesnt mean it is only 8800 verses. Every person on this forum says he is search for truth, but at the background they are all fully biased, but dont accept...So, the only truth is as mentioned by Vyasa "Na daivam Kesavat parama". I know, you will not like it...Some instances are allegorical in scriptures, but all are not. — , Oct 20 '15 at 16:15
@Krishna: The opening chapters of Mahabharata contains this information on 8,800 slokas. I am not quoting out of thin air. — Srimannarayana K V, Oct 20 '15 at 16:37
@srimanarayana k v - So,all the previous acharyas who quoted mahabharata are all fools, and you are the grand discoverer of this info. Moreover, this statement that it contains contains 8800 verses only can also be an interpolation by some unscrupulous elements too. So, there is no way for you to prove it too. BTW, which publication of mahabharata are you referring. But, in general, there are interpolations to Mahabharata as both Sri Madhvacharya and Swami Venkatanatha also, seem to say mahabharata was already subjected to interpolations by 12-13 century. — , Oct 20 '15 at 18:48
@Krishna: Did I mention about any of the Acharyas you are referring to? Why do drag them in to this discussion? I offered my opinion here, and if you do not like it, you can downvote it or leave it. Why are getting exited so much? — Srimannarayana K V, Oct 20 '15 at 21:42
@srimannarayana k v - you never said that it was your opinion and insisted on Mahabharata having 8800 verses only. So, if it is your opinion, putting it as an opinion clause, might help. Otherwise, unecessary discussion happen. Thanks. — , Oct 21 '15 at 07:32
@Krishna: I said that the opening chapters of Mahabharata consists 8,800 slokas. Why should I express my opinion on this fact, when it was mentioned in Mahabharata itself.? — Srimannarayana K V, Oct 21 '15 at 09:07
@srimanarayana k v - Then you are negating all the previous, acharyas who never have quoted this or said Mahabharata had only 8800. So, it could very well be an interpolation too. — , Oct 21 '15 at 09:10
@srimannarayanakv The opening chapter of the Mahabharata says that the Jaya is 8800 verses, and it says that based on those 8800 verses Vyasa composed the 100,000 verses of the Mahabharata. It doesn't say that the Mahabharata only consists of 8800 verses. — Keshav Srinivasan, Oct 21 '15 at 15:35
"why did not he try to woo another woman?"-- he in fact tried, in Mahabharata similar to Ahalya, story of Ruchi is described https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/a/29117/12304 — YDS, Jul 29 '19 at 11:03
@YDS: Rig Vedic Indra is an epithet to divine quality of the God, i.e, saviour. The degradation of human capacity to understand the spiritual concepts lead to writing of unwarranted stories . Ramayana/Mahabharata/Puranas contain many interpolated stories , which described Indra in poor light. — Srimannarayana K V, Jul 29 '19 at 11:15
@srimannarayanakv even people say RV mandala 10 is interpolated...so how u can say that only Itihasa-Purana contain interpolated stories?? — YDS, Jul 29 '19 at 12:41
@YDS: I agree with you. Even myself stated in one of my answers that Purusha Suktam is an interpolation. :-) — Srimannarayana K V, Jul 29 '19 at 12:44

score 16 · Answer 1 · edited Jun 17 '20 at 08:59

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The story of Ahalya is authentic. Here's what this chapter of the Shatapatha Brahmana of the Yajur Veda says:

Thereupon he recites the Subrahmanyâ litany. Even as one would say to those for whom he intends to prepare a meal, 'On such and such a day I will prepare a meal for you;' so does he thereby announce the sacrifice to the gods. 'Subrahmanyôm! Subrahmanyôm! Subrahmanyôm!' thus he calls, for the Brahman indeed moves the gods onward. Thrice he says it, because the sacrifice is threefold.

'Come, O Indra!' Indra is the deity of the sacrifice: therefore he says, 'Come, O Indra!' 'Come, O lord of the bay steeds! Ram of Medhâtithi! Wife of Vrishanasva! Bestriding buffalo! Lover of Ahalyâ!' Thereby he wishes him joy in those affairs of his.

'O Kausika, Brahman, thou who callest thee Gautama.' Just so has this (formula) been devised in these days by Âruni, to wit, 'thou who callest thee Gautama:' he may say it, if he choose, and if he does not choose, he need not attend to it. 'In so and so many days, to the Soma-feast,' (stating) in how many days from hence the pressing is to be.

The Brahmanas of the Vedas were passed down in the most rigorous fashion, so the chance of an interpolation in the Shatapatha Brahmana is vanishingly small. In any case, "thou who callest thee Gautama" is an allusion to the fact that Indra took the form of Ahalya's husband Gautama. This isn't the only Vedic allusion to the story of Ahalya; the Sadvimsha Brahmana and several Shrauta Sutras also describe it.

By the way, this is by no means Indra's only dalliance; there's plenty of examples in the Vedas. The term "Wife of Vrishanasva" in that verse is an allusion to the fact that he once disguised himself as the wife of Vrishanasva in order to have an affair with Vrishanasva's daughter. And he once took over the mind of sage Devasharma's wife Ruchi in order to have an affair with her, although he was thwarted by the sage Vipula. And the Rig Veda describes how he had an affair with the sister of the demon Vyamsa, as I discuss in my question and answer here.

edited Jun 17 '20 at 08:59

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answered Oct 15 '15 at 15:50

Keshav Srinivasan

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Thanks for your explanation. I will definitely go through the references you have given. – Srimannarayana K V Oct 15 '15 at 15:57
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Can you throw some light on as to why other Gods/Rishies invited Indra as Chief of Guests - puruhUtasya, even after knowing his illicit behaviour? (or) The stories you quoted have some hidden/inner meanings, which might have escaped the Western scholars, who translated them into English? – Srimannarayana K V Oct 15 '15 at 16:42
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I think i also read an incident in Mahabharata, where Indra entered the corpse of Ashwamedha horse to sleep with Janamejaya's wife. And Janamejaya also cursed him after that. Not sure of its authenticity but just read it somewhere. Keshav can confirm. – Aby Oct 15 '15 at 16:47
Also, @Keshav, I wanted to know what is this incident that you mentioned. Here Subramanyam, Indra and Gautam, etc are being referred. There is also a mention of 'O Kaushik', i think Vishwamitra was also referred as Kaushik (i guess), and what does 'Bestriding buffalo' means here. – Aby Oct 15 '15 at 16:53
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@srimannarayanakv The reason that Indra is the chief guest in the Soma Yagna is that he is king of the Devas. And the reason why he is king of the Devas is that he performed 100 Ashwamedha Yagnas. Now as to why the gods don't remove him due to the sins he has committed, they actually did remove him from power once; see the quote from the Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda here: http://hinduism.stackexchange.com/q/7645/36 The solar dynasty king Nahusha took over as Indra during this time, but eventually Indra got rid of his sins by depositing them in Malada and Karusha (destroyed by Tataka). – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 15 '15 at 17:33
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@Aby The Jaiminiya Brahmana of the Samaveda says that Indra is called Kaushika because he once drove away the Vedas and had to relearn them from Vishwamitra. Sayana's commentary on the Rig Veda says that he's called Kaushika because Vishwamitra's father Gadhi was an incarnation of Indra. Subrahmanya is just the name of the hymn in the Shatapatha Brahmana of the Yajur Veda. It's not referring to Kartikeya who is sometimes called Subrahmanya. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 15 '15 at 17:56
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@Aby The story of Janamejaya you're referring to is described in this chapter of the Harivamsa of the Mahabharata: http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/bhavishyaparva/hv_3_005.html In this case, he didn't actually have an affair with Janamejaya's wife - he had an affair with the Apsara Rambha and he made her look like Janamejaya's wife. It was all a ploy to disrupt Janamejaya's Ashwamedha Yagna, which would have allowed Janamejaya to become the new Indra. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 15 '15 at 21:02
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@KeshavSrinivasan: I have gone through that story in Bala Kanda of Ramayana. I am trying to see/understand the inner meaning of those stories. There was a long gap between Vedic Literature and our generation. I think, we could not see that literature in proper way. Even Vishnu polluted Tulasi in order to pave way for elimination of Sandhachuuda at the hands of Shiva. Did the Vaishnavas stop worshipping Vishnu? I am in search in Truth. – Srimannarayana K V Oct 16 '15 at 00:45
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@srimannarayanakv Well, first of all if you want to talk about prakshipta or interpolation, the story of Tulasi and Shankacuda would be a prime example - its only source is the Devi Bhagavatam, which claims to be an Upapurana but is not found in either the list of 18 Mahapuranas or the 18 Upapuranas. In any case, people weren't worshipping Indra because of how moral he was personally - like I said, he was removed from his position for a time because of all the bad things he had done. They were worshipping him because he rightfully earned the position of Indra and so was entitled to offerings. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 16 '15 at 01:21
@KeshavSrinivasan: You mentioned some instances of Indra's adultery, but he was removed in Vrita's case only. Why was he removed in all cases? – Srimannarayana K V Oct 16 '15 at 01:23
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@srimannarayanakv First of all, he was not simply removed for the killing of Vritrasura, that was like the straw that broke the camel's back - here is the full list of sins for which the gods decided to remove him, given in the Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda: "He hath misused Vishvarupa, Tvastri's son, he hath laid low Vritra, he hath given the Yatis to the hyaenas, he hath killed the Arurmaghas, he hath contended with Brhaspati." In any case, Indra isn't removed for every single offense. He's only removed in the rare case that he commits so many sins that he's no longer fit to rule. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 16 '15 at 01:29
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@srimannarayanakv If you want a deeper reason why Indra has remained unscathed despite all his actions, Indra addresses this in Kaush. Upanishad: "I slew the three-headed son of Tvashtri; I delivered the Arunmukhas, the devotees, to the wolves; breaking many treaties, I killed the people of Prahlâda in heaven, the people of Puloma in the sky, the people of Kâlakañga on earth. And not one hair of me was harmed there. And he who knows me thus, by no deed of his is his life harmed, not by the murder of his mother, not by the murder of his father, not by theft, not by the killing of a Brahman." – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 16 '15 at 01:37
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@srimannarayanakv The quotes from the Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda and the Kaushitaki Upanishad of the Rig Veda are taken from my answer here: http://hinduism.stackexchange.com/q/7645/36 What Indra is saying is that reason he's remained unscathed despite his actions is because of the power of Brahman, and that he who realizes Brahman will similarly be able to escape the consequences of his own sinful actions. Another story that illustrates that Indra is successful because of the power of Brahman is the story of the Yaksha given in the Kena Upanishad of the Sama Veda. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 16 '15 at 01:55
@Keshav Thanks for all the details. Btw, the episode of Shankchood and Tulsi is also present in Shiva Purana Rudrasamhita :Yuddhakand (Book 2 of Motilal Banarasidas version). There is also a similar episode of Lord Vishnu breaking Vrinda's chastity. Vrinda was the wife of Jalandhar. This story is also mentioned under Rudrasamhita. – Aby Oct 16 '15 at 08:27
@KeshavSrinivasan: You said that "The term "Wife of Vrishanasva" is an allusion to the fact that he once disguised himself as the wife of Vrishanasva in order to have an affair with Vrishanasva's daughter. And he once took over the mind of sage Devasharma's wife Ruchi in order to have an affair with her, although he was thwarted by the sage Vipula. And the Rig Veda describes how he had an affair with the sister of the demon Vyamsa, as I discuss in my question and answer here." Can you give references to these stories, as you gave for Shatapatha Brahmana? – Srimannarayana K V Oct 19 '15 at 04:22
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@srimannarayanakv For the Vyamsa one, I gave references in my question and answer here: http://hinduism.stackexchange.com/a/8438/36 The phrase "wife of Vrishanasva" occurs in that Shatapatha Brahmana chapter, but I don't remember off the top of my head where the story of Vrishanasva occurs. Let me find the references for the stories of Vrishnasva and Ruchi. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 19 '15 at 04:30
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@srimannarayanakv OK, I did some searching, and the story of Vrishanasva is referenced in verse 1.51.13 of the Rig Veda and verse 2.5.5 of the Maitrayani Samhita of the Yajur Veda, and the details of the story are given in the Sadvimsha Brahmana of the Sama Veda. Unfortunately I don't know of any English translations of the Sadvimsha Brahmana (at least on the Internet), so it's hard to find the relevant quote from it. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 19 '15 at 04:54
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@srimannarayanakv On a quick Google search, I found the story of Ruchi in the Anushasana Parva of the Mahabharata: http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b005.htm I think it's also found somewhere in the Vedas. Let me find it. – Keshav Srinivasan Oct 19 '15 at 05:02
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@KeshavSrinivasan: I posted the same question in Quora.com and Sri Kiron Krishnan gave a different reply to the story. Please go through that https://www.quora.com/The-story-of-adultery-of-Indra-in-the-story-of-Ahalya-could-not-be-found-in-Vedic-literature-Can-we-conclude-that-this-story-is-a-PRAKSHIPTA-an-insertion-made-at-a-later-date – Srimannarayana K V Nov 10 '15 at 06:32
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@srimannarayanakv People try to come up with such metaphorical interpretations using such epistemological manipulations all the time. People do similar things in trying to argue that the Vedas never prescribe animal sacrifice, and they do similar things to argue that the Ramayana and Mahabharata never took place and are just allegories But I think Hindu stories literally happened the way they're described. If you actually read the Vedic descriptions of the story of Indra and Ahalya, it's quite clear that it's talking about actual events, that Gautama was a descendant of a specific sage, etc. – Keshav Srinivasan Nov 10 '15 at 07:00
@Keshav You know while Indra maybe entitled to the sacrifices and all, that Janamejaya story is disgusting. Any chance of it being an interpolation? – Surya Feb 17 '16 at 11:03
@KeshavSrinivasan Firstly, SB is a part of Shukla yajurveda which is hardly followed in TN. Very few pupil here follow this veda. Secondly i would like to know the place where people have memorized shatapatha and passed orally to their tradition. Shatapatha is a big text of about 6000 plus shlokas. – Rakesh Joshi Feb 17 '17 at 08:56
@KeshavSrinivasan how do you defend Hinduism when someone say Hindu gods performed adultery and raped other? – Jun 10 '17 at 04:48
@KeshavSrinivasan the story of wife Vrṣaṇaśva by you is just a speculation by the writes of Brahamana. Because in the rigveda the translations means more like Indra gave him a wife after the sacrifice is done – Oct 27 '17 at 10:10
Indra isn't worthy of worship/respect to me after knowing all this. – ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ Jan 04 '18 at 03:39
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@Tamas. He's still a Deva. If nothing else, respect him for his actions required to become the Indra. And respect him for his acts of heroism in helping various kings, defeating various Asuras, etc. – Keshav Srinivasan Jan 04 '18 at 04:11

Srimannarayana K V · Answer 2 · 2019-07-30T00:11:18.777

The following text was from a Vedic scholar's ( Sri Kiron Krishnan) notes on this subject.

A simple search on the origin of this cruel myth shall put light on one of the many Hindu attempts to blaspheme God and Vedas, for the superiority of their gods and incarnate bands. The mention is made first in Yajur Veda Maitrayani, Kathaka Samhitas, in a litany, commented on by Shatapatha Brahmana, Taittiriya Brahmana, Jaimineeya Brahmana. Let us look more into the actual sources rather than unreliable Ramayana or other epics or puranas.

Ahalya - what does it mean?

hala means a plough, and halya means an arable land or a ploughed land. a-halya, hence means the "unfertile land" or "unploughable land". Ahalya, the barren land, is said to be daughter of "Mitra", the bright solar rays. (In the Brahmanas)

Indra - the lover of Ahalya

Indra is said as "lover of Ahalya" in the Subrahmanya formula in Yajur Veda.

Yes, the Lord who brings rain, floods the plains and fights vRtRa, the drought, is poetically mentioned as the lover of unfertile land, for he is the husband of unfertile land by making it fertile through rains.

Indra is Kaushika, Indra is Gautama

Kaushika means related to kushika, the ploughshare. It is also the name of the agricultural Aryan tribe "Kaushikas".

The Subrahmanya formula, the first mention of Ahalya tells :

"Subrahmanya! Subrahmanya! Subrahmanya!

Indra, thou Lord of bay steeds (hari) , the Power (mESa) of Medhatithi, the thought that is drawn by stallions (vRSaNashvasya mene), The Great coagulater (gaurava skandin)

Lover of Ahalya ( ahalyAyai jAra) O Kaushika! O Brahmana! (kaushika brAhmaNa) who is Himself also called Gautama (Gautama bruvANa iti)

Kaushika - what does it mean

Kaushika is the derivation, vRddhi from Kushika, the "ploughshare" or "plough". The formula metaphorically equates the ploughshare that makes a land ploughable, with Indra who is the actual cultivator. Thus, the Kaushika metaphor stands for the actual "ploughshare" Indra, whose rain really makes ahalya fertile.

BrAhmaNa

Brahmana means "Great", derived from brh - to grow, might, praise. Indra, following the several metaphors with great attributes, is affirmed great here.

Indra who himself is Gautama

Gautama means related to gotama, rich in kine - the solar rays. As Gautama, Indra protects her lover and makes her fertile, by allowing adequate sunshine. But He is also the Kaushika, the plougher, for He makes ahalya land fertile through rains.

Note that the words Kaushika and Gautama also stand for clans within Brahmins. This is the subject in Shadvimsa Brahmana and Jaiminiya Brahmana, where myth is commented on the Subrahmanya Litany.

During Asura - Deva war, Indra is made to redeem Vedas from Kaushika Viswamitra, whereby Indra becomes Kaushika. Thus He is the Kaushika Brahmin. (Shadvimsa Brahmana) Also, Indra takes his avatar as Gautama, whereby He calls Himself Gautama, in spite of being a Kaushika. (Jaiminiya Brahmana)

Thus, in Vedas, there are no myths regarding Ahalya, for Ahalya is the unfertile land.

IN the very 1st line I had mentioned that the answer is from that of a vedic scholar. Please check. I am in touch with him. Do you want me to provide a link to that answer?@sv. — Srimannarayana K V, Jul 29 '19 at 22:57
Sure. I will try to do it, ;if the other site allows that.@sv. — Srimannarayana K V, Jul 29 '19 at 23:41
Nice answer! Now we should try to understand it in more cosmic way.. In Vedas Bhumi/Prithivi tatwa refers to molecules all over the universe.. barren land might mean unusable molecules.. (or molecules of some stuck state).. and then electric force (Indra) comes in... and finally it is protected by light (Gautama).. so it could have some cosmic meanings... it also could be refering to some phenomena...or we need to find it... — Tezz, Jul 30 '19 at 00:52

score 0 · Answer 3 · answered Dec 31 '22 at 01:31

Fall of flowers from heaven and drumbeats are mentioned many times in Mahabharata. so it was not something exclusive to Puranas. Ahilya story is also referenced a few times in the Mahabharata in Shanti parva and Anushasana Parva as well. So Ahilya story is very much authentic.